Full
Outline
In recent years, in vitro substitution experiments have become more and more important in male reproductive toxicology research, and the construction of a stable and reliable in vitro model is a strong guarantee for the research. With the development of biotechnology, in vitro testicular models have also transitioned from a single-layer cell culture to a new culture system that can simulate in vivo microenvironment better, such as microfluidic technology, three-dimensional culture technology, and organoids, and so on. These culture systems not only can simulate the blood-testis-barrier (BTB) or in vivo testicular microenvironment, but also extend duration of the culture system through co-cultivating of testicular tissues or germ cells. More importantly, sperm has also been successfully differentiated from germ cells of rodents, non-human primate and even human beings. These new culture systems have been successfully applied to the evaluation of testicular toxicants. However, there are some limitations for them, such as small number of differentiated sperm, low efficiency and difficulty in completely simulate the process of spermatogenesis in vivo, etc. This review mainly summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of these new testis culture systems in vitro and their future development directions.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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