To explore the clinical characteristics and treatment strategies of central nervous system adverse events induced by atezolizumab to provide reference for recognition and treatment of such events.

Non-review articles on central nervous system adverse events caused by atezolizumab were screened, and relevant cases were summarized and analyzed. Furthermore, a case of anti-SOX1 paraneoplastic neurological encephalitis induced by atezolizumab in our hospital were discussed in combination with literature.

Atezolizumab-induced central nervous system adverse reactions have been reported, but anti-SOX1 paraneoplastic neurological encephalitis was reported for the first time. Autoimmune antibody test had reference value for clinical diagnosis of this case. And simultaneous steroid pulse therapy and plasmapheresis were performed, leading to ideal clinical outcome.

The nervous system manifestation of patients using atezolizumab should be closely monitored pre and post treatment and clinicians should be alert to the occurrence of paraneoplastic encephalitis. The relevant autoantibodies should be systematically evaluated in times of need.