Glycoprotein hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, and thyroid stimulating hormone, are heterodimers consisting of non-convalently bound α and β subunits. Glycosylation complexity and structural heterogeneity are the focus of structural characterization and quality control of glycoprotein hormones. The modification sites, modification types, and sialic acid content of glycosylation are closely related to the receptor binding, signaling, biological function, and clearance rate of glycoprotein hormones in the body. In this paper, we summarize the marketed products of recombinant glycoprotein hormones, analyze the "macro" and "micro" complexity of glycosylation modification of these drugs, clarify the relationship between structural heterogeneity and biological function, sort out the analytical techniques used for structural confirmation and glycan chain identification, and put forward the relevant considerations of R&D pathway and CMC research based on their quality control difficulties.
| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |