Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. As reported in 2020, there were approximately 2.2 million new cases of lung cancer worldwide, accounting for 11.4% of newly diagnosed malignant tumors. Additionally, there were 1.8 million deaths resulting from lung cancer in 2020, representing about 18% of all cancer-related deaths globally. Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-associated morbidity and mortality in China. Despite the increasing popularity of immunotherapy and targeted therapy, chemotherapy remains one of the most dominant treatment modalities for lung cancer (particularly for small-cell lung cancer). However, chemotherapeutic drugs in clinical practice lack specificity and kill normal cells while killing tumor cells, especially cells that are relatively active in proliferation or metabolism. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression (CIM) is the most common dose-limiting and potentially fatal complication in cancer therapy and a key factor affecting the course and dose of chemotherapy, and nearly 90% of chemotherapeutic drugs may be associated with myelosuppression. Myelosuppression is the biggest obstacle to cancer chemotherapy. Myelosuppression seriously affects the life quality of cancer patients, reduces patient compliance, delays treatment, and even threatens the lives of patients, which we should pay attention to in clinical practice. At present, the main treatment regimens for bone marrow suppression are those follows, such as drugs promoting neutrophils, red blood cells, thrombopoietic drugs and blood transfusion. As the world's first approved CDK4/6 inhibitor with full myeloprotection, the use of trilaciclib before chemotherapy is effective in reducing the incidences of CIM. This review aims to summarize the relevant research progress in recent years from the mechanism of bone marrow suppression, related treatment measures of bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy for lung cancer, and provides further ideas and clinical basis for clinical application, monitoring and management of CIM.