Full
Outline
To analyze the association of eating dining locations and their association with nutritional status among Chinese children aged 6-17 years, so as to provide reference for guiding children's reasonable diet.
Stratified random cluster sampling was used to select children aged 6 to 17 years from 28 cities and rural areas of 14 provinces in East, North, Central, South, Southwest, Northwest, Northeast of China, and a total of 52 535 children were included in the study from 2019 to 2021. Information including dining locations, demographic characteristics, dietary intakes and physical activity were collected through a questionnaire survey. Fasting body height and weight were measured in the morning. Unordered multiclass Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between dining locations and nutritional status in children.
Regarding children's dining locations, 66.3% ate breakfast at home, 25.8% ate breakfast at school, 7.9% ate breakfast outside (small dining tables, restaurants, stalls, etc.); 67.7% ate dinner at home, 29.0% ate dinner at school, 3.3% ate dinner outside; and 63.6% ate lunch at school, 30.8% ate lunch at home, 5.7% ate lunch outside. The prevalence rates of overweight/obesity and undernutrition were 28.6% and 9.3%, respectively. The adjusted multiclass Logistic regression analysis (controlling for age, region, parental education, household income, total energy intake, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) demonstrated that, compared to eating at home, school-based breakfast and dinner consumption was associated with significantly lower overweight/obesity risks for both genders (boys: breakfast OR=0.70, 95%CI=0.65-0.75; dinner OR=0.80, 95%CI=0.74-0.86; girls: breakfast OR=0.89, 95%CI=0.82-0.96; dinner OR=0.88, 95%CI=0.81-0.95), whereas eating lunch away from home significantly increased overweight/obesity risks (boys: OR=1.32, 95%CI=1.17-1.48; girls: OR=1.43, 95%CI=1.26-1.62), with all associations being statistically significant (P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, boys who ate breakfast away from home showed a significantly reduced risk of undernutrition (OR=0.80, 95%CI=0.66-0.97), while those consuming lunch away from home had an increased risk (OR=1.26, 95%CI=1.01-1.57) (P < 0.05).
The choice of dining locations for children is becoming more diverse, and a relatively high proportion of children eat meals outside the home and at school. Eating out have a higher risk of malnutrition for children. School feeding may be beneficial to children's physical health.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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