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Acanthocephalans are important intestinal parasitic helminths of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), and their infections can be detrimental to host growth and health. In this study, we systematically assessed seasonal infection dynamics and their association with host biological traits to enhance understanding of epidemiological characteristics and host-parasite interactions. Specifically, we aimed to elucidate prevalence patterns and establish a scientific basis for disease prevention and control. Accordingly, we conducted a year-long survey on L. crocea cultured in Sanduao Bay, Ningde, Fujian Province. The results showed that Longicollum pagrosomi (Yamaguti, 1935) displayed an aggregated distribution within the host population. Infection significantly reduced host condition factor (P<0.05), indicating that parasitism-induced physiological stress may impair host growth, reproduction, and disease resistance. Temporal analysis revealed significant monthly variations in L. pagrosomi prevalence (P<0.05), with maximum prevalence in August (90.0%) and minimum in September (18.2%). Mean intensity was highest in June (9.0) and lowest in December and March (1.0), indicating infections were concentrated in summer (June-August). These seasonal fluctuations are likely driven by environmental factors, such as water temperature, as elevated summer temperatures may accelerate the parasite life cycle and enhance transmission efficiency. Ontogenetic analysis showed prevalence increased with host body length, reaching a maximum in the 35–40 cm group (F, 66.7%), likely due to increased food intake and prolonged exposure in larger individuals. In contrast, mean intensity followed a bell-shaped pattern, peaking in the 25–30 cm group (D, 7.1), potentially reflecting dietary shifts during host development. A significant positive correlation was detected between L. pagrosomi abundance and host body length (r=0.25, P=0.004). Collectively, these findings demonstrate distinct seasonal and ontogenetic patterns in L. pagrosomi infection, establishing a scientific basis for targeted aquaculture management strategies, including intensified monitoring during summer and among specific size classes. This study advances understanding of marine parasite ecology by highlighting the roles of both abiotic (e.g., temperature) and biotic (e.g., host size) factors in shaping infection dynamics. Future research should elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying host-parasite interactions across seasons and developmental stages and assess the effects of environmental change on these patterns.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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