After years of development,the stock of dairy cows and milk production in Linshu county have been continuously improved, and a perfect integrated industrial chain of forage planting, dairy processing and sales has been formed, which has become an important supporting industry for the sustainable development of regional animal husbandry.However,in the process of rapid development,the incidence of animal diseases has increased year by year due to inadequate disease prevention and control measures and problems in the management of some dairy farms. Therefore, how to do well in animal disease prevention and control has become the main problem faced by animal husbandry and veterinary medicine. Based on the current situation of the development of dairy farming and the existing problems of disease prevention and control in Linshu County, this study puts forward the animal disease prevention strategies that meet the requirements, and provides theoretical guidance for the sustainable development of dairy farming and the whole animal husbandry industry in Linshu county.

Micro nano plastics（MNPs）exist widely in the environment,and their potential ecotoxicity and health risks have become a global research focus. MNPs have good lipophilicity,but the contamination risk of MNPs in sterilized milk has not been concerned. This study analyzed the source of MNPs contamination in raw milk end and factory end sterilized milk,and discussed the extraction,detection and removal methods of MNPs,especially the application of membrane separation technology in dairy industry. The estimated daily intake（EDI） of MNPs and Modified Cancer Risk（MPCR） of human exposure to MNPs in drinking sterilized milk were calculated to discuss the risks of MNPs in drinking sterilized milk. On this basis,it is suggested that future research should re-evaluate the toxic effects of MNPs combined pollutants and their transfer efficiency in animals and plants,and establish standardized determination methods to better assess the risk of MNPs enrichment to humans through the food chain and harm human health.

[Objective] Enzyme-linked immunoassay（ELISA）was used to evaluate the effects of three different extractants of primary water,anhydrous methanol and dichloromethane on the determination of aflatoxin M₁ in cheese powder. [Method] The average recovery rate was compared by comparing the relative standard deviation of extraction effects of primary water,anhydrous methanol and dichloromethane. [Result] When extracted with primary water,the relative standard deviation was 2.56% and the average recovery was 35.30%~51.12%. When extracted with anhydrous methanol,the relative standard deviation was 4.20%,and the average recovery was 81.32%~90.18%. When extracted with dichloromethane,the tissue status of the sample was abnormal,and the residue after nitrogen evaporation was oily,which could not be further determinated. [Conclusion] When extracted with anhydrous methanol. ELISA method had higher extraction accuracy and is more suitable for food determination.

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the effects of parity,season,and lactation stage on milk yield,milk protein percentage,milk fat percentage,urea nitrogen,and somatic cell count by examining the Dairy Herd Improvement（DHI）data of dairy cows in Fugu County in 2023. [Methods] A total of 13,289 DHI records of Holstein lactating cows from five large-scale dairy farms were selected. The data were grouped and analyzed using SPSS 23.0 software to assess the impact of parity,season,and lactation stage on milk yield and milk composition. [Results] Parity,season,and lactation stage significantly affected milk yield and milk composition（P< 0.05）. Milk yield and milk fat percentage in winter were significantly higher than in other seasons（P< 0.05）,while milk protein percentage in autumn was significantly higher than in other seasons（P< 0.05）. Urea nitrogen levels in summer were significantly higher than in other seasons （P< 0.05）,and somatic cell counts in summer and autumn were significantly higher than in other seasons （P< 0.05）. Milk yield in the 1-45 d lactation stage was significantly higher than in other stages （P< 0.05）. Milk protein percentage and milk fat percentage increased with lactation stage,peaking significantly after 305 d （P< 0.05）. Urea nitrogen and somatic cell counts were significantly higher after 305 d compared to other stages （P< 0.05）. As parity increased,milk yield first rose and then declined,peaking significantly in the second parity （P< 0.05）. Milk protein percentage initially increased and then decreased,with the second parity being significantly higher than others （P< 0.05）. Milk fat percentage first decreased and then increased,with the first parity being significantly higher than others （P< 0.05）. Urea nitrogen levels were higher in early and late parities but lower in the middle,while somatic cell counts showed an upward trend with increasing parity. [Conclusion] Parity,season,and lactation stage significantly influence the production performance of Holstein lactating cows in Fugu County. Adjustments in dietary nutrition and management practices based on these factors,along with the application of DHI data for targeted measures,can enhance dairy cow productivity and economic efficiency.

[Objective] Combining the special milk source yak milk from Qinghai with the special medicinal and dietary homology plant Brassica rapa L. in Tibetan area,the development of the beverage of Brassica rapa L. yak milk with the potential of anti-altitude sickness. The effects of adding amount of yak milk powder,sugar, Brassica rapa L. and γ-aminobutyric acid on the flavor of Brassica rapa L. yak milk beverage were studied by single factor test with the main materials of yak milk powder and Brassica rapa L. as evaluation indexes. The effects of pectin and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose（CMC-Na） on the stability of Brassica rapa L. yak milk beverage were studied by single factor test with viscosity and centrifugal precipitation rate as evaluation indexes.The physicochemical and microbiological indexes of the final product were determined. [Result] The extract of Brassica rapa L. has strong anti-oxidant properties and can improve the anti-oxidant activity of Brassica rapa L yak milk beverage. The formula（Yak milk powder 10%,sugar 6%,Brassica rapa L. extract 20%,γ-aminobutyric acid 30 mg,CMC-Na 2%） prepared the Brassica rapa L. yak milk beverage with moderate sweet and sour,rich nutrition,in line with the standards of milk beverage. [Conclusion] The Brassica rapa L yak milk beverage has a good industrial application prospect and can provide reference for the research and development of alleviating altitude sickness beverage and the design of yak milk beverage．

[Objective] A tartary buckwheat yogurt was developed with milk,white granulated sugar,tartary buckwheat rice and strain as the main raw materials. [Method] The effects of tartary buckwheat rice soaking time,added amount of tartary buckwheat rice,added amount of white granulated sugar,added amount of strain and fermentation time on sensory quality of tartary buckwheat yogurt were studied by single factor tests. [Result] With 100 g of milk,20 min of tartary buckwheat rice soaking time and 15 min of cooking time,3 g of tartary buckwheat rice additive amount,9.0 g of white granulated sugar additive amount,10 UC/T of strain additive amount,10 h of fermentation time,the yogurt is uniform and consistent,milky-white color,moderately sweet and sour,delicate taste slightly sweet or slightly sour,buckwheat flavor is obvious and more obvious sense of grain,the sensory evaluation of tartary buckwheat yogurt was 90 points. [Conclusion] Tartary buckwheat yogurt uniform texture,milky white,moderate sour and sweet,delicate taste,slightly sweet or slightly sour,tartary buckwheat taste and wheat sense is more obvious,in line with the public's demand for unique flavor,to provide consumers with more choice,and its market development potential is great.

This paper took Bright Dairy as the research object and employs the SWOT analysis method to conduct a systematic study of its financial management system. Firstl,it comprehensively examined Bright Dairy's financial management framework,including corporate overview,resource allocation mechanisms,and risk control strategies. Secondly,through the SWOT analytical framework,it thoroughly analyzed the internal and external environments of Bright Dairy's financial management,identifying its Strengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,and Threats. Based on the findings,this study proposed a four-dimensional optimization path： leveraging strengths to expand market share,addressing weaknesses to enhance core competitiveness,seizing opportunities to promote sustainable development,and mitigating threats to reduce operational risks. This research not only provided theoretical foundations and practical guidance for optimizing Bright Dairy's financial management but also offered reference solutions for dairy industry enterprises to navigate complex market environments and achieve stable growth.

[Objective] To explore the key factors affecting the fertility of dairy cows, to ensure the effective transmission of good traits and to improve the overall reproductive efficiency. [Method] Reproduction data from a large-scale dairy farm were collected and analysed to systematically assess the effects of month of breeding, cumulative litter size and quality of uterine repair on conception rate. [Result] The conception rate of cows in January, September, October and December was significantly higher than that of other months, while July and August showed lower conception rates, with significant differences （P<0.05） between these months. Further analyses showed that first time cows （1 lactation） had higher conception rate compared to multiple lactation cows, which was significantly different （P<0.05）. In addition, the state of uterine repair after parturition had a significant effect on conception rate, with cows with a well repaired uterus free of sepsis showing a higher conception rate. [Conclusion] In the process of cow breeding, reasonable selection of breeding month, priority selection of cows with appropriate litter size, and attention to post-partum uterine repair management are crucial to promote the selection and inheritance of excellent traits and improve the overall reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle populations.

[Objective] To evaluate the therapeutic effect of a Chinese herbal powder on subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and explore the feasibility of its use as an alternative to antibiotics. [Methods] A randomized controlled trial was conducted,dividing 90 dairy cows with subclinical mastitis into a treatment group （Chinese herbal powder containing Astragalus membranaceus,Taraxacum officinale,etc.）,an antibiotic group（ceftiofur sodium）,and a control group （untreated）,with 30 cows in each group. After 30 days of treatment,the therapeutic effects were analyzed through indicators such as somatic cell count （SCC） in milk,milk production,milk composition （fat,protein,lactose）,and clinical symptoms （breast swelling,temperature,and area of hard lumps） using ANOVA,t-test,and χ² test. [Results] After 30 days of treatment,the SCC in milk of the treatment group decreased by 73.8% （from 489×10³ to 128×10³ 个/mL）,which was not significantly different from the antibiotic group （75.8%,P=0.062）,but significantly better than the control group （17.4%,P<0.001）. Milk production increased by 15.8% （from 24.6 to 28.5 kg/day）,significantly higher than the antibiotic group （7.2%）,and the effect lasted longer （10.1% higher 30 days after drug withdrawal,P<0.01）. The recovery rate of milk fat content （+14.2%） and milk protein content （+14.6%） was 3 to 5 days faster than that of the antibiotic group. Clinical symptoms improved significantly：the rate of breast swelling regression was 73.3% in the treatment group compared to 46.7% in the antibiotic group （P=0.015）,the recovery time of temperature was shortened by 45.2% （3.2 days vs 5.8 days,P<0.001）,and the area of hard lumps in the udder was reduced by 82.7% （vs 57.1% in the antibiotic group,P=0.018）. [Conclusion] The therapeutic effect of the Chinese herbal powder on subclinical mastitis is comparable to that of antibiotics,and it has advantages in the sustainability of milk production recovery,the speed of milk composition improvement,and treatment cost （reduced by 57%）,providing an effective solution for reducing antibiotic use in the livestock industry.

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the dynamic changes in serum metabolites of dairy cows within 7 days postpartum,revealing their metabolic adaptation mechanisms and potential health risks,thereby providing a scientific basis for optimizing postpartum management. [Method] Serum samples were collected from 5 dairy cows at 1,4,and 7 days postpartum. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance（NMR） metabolomics technology combined with multivariate statistical analysis（PCA,OSC-PLS） was used to screen key differential metabolites,and their biological significance was integrated through metabolic pathways. [Result] The results showed that postpartum fat mobilization was enhanced,with significant increases in 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetone,indicating a risk of ketosis, glucose continued to decline,associated with increased demand for lactose synthesis, acetate and lactate increased,reflecting rumen fiber fermentation recovery and potential subacute acidosis risk,respectively, glycine and citrate initially increased and then decreased,participating in oxidative stress regulation and energy homeostasis transition,respectively. Further analysis revealed that postpartum metabolism in dairy cows exhibited a phased characteristic of fat mobilization-rumen recovery-milk component synthesis. [Conclusion] Based on these findings,it is recommended to implement strategies such as dietary optimization（increasing readily fermentable carbohydrates (35~40%) and balancing fiber）,ketosis monitoring（blood ketone testing）,and functional additives（e.g.,rumen-protected choline） to alleviate negative energy balance and ensure lactation performance. This study provided a metabolomics basis for precise nutritional interventions in postpartum dairy cows.