Mastitis is a common disease affecting dairy cows globally,primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus,and is typically treated with antimicrobial drugs administered via intramammary and intramuscular injections.However,with the increasing rise of antimicrobial resistance,the treatment faces greater challenges and the available therapeutic options are gradually diminishing.The formation of biofilms formation and the adhesion of pathogens to mammary epithelial cells complicate treatment further.This paper discusseed factors such as the rise in antimicrobial resistance,biofilm formation,and intracellular bacterial survival,analyzing the challenges of conventional antibiotic treatment for mastitis.Additionally,it introduces alternative therapeutic approaches,including phytochemicals,antimicrobial peptides,bacteriophage therapy,and graphene-based nanomaterials,which may address the shortcomings of current antimicrobial treatments and mitigate the threat of antimicrobial resistance to mastitis treatment.This paper aimed to explore emerging alternative approaches in the treatment of mastitis,with the goal of providing robust support for future clinical therapies.

mastitis  /  treatment  /  Staphylococcus aureus  /  antimicrobial  /  alternative therapy