The immune function of dairy ruminants is a core factor in safeguarding their health status, production performance, and product quality. Nutrients, as the material basis for life activities, also serve as key signaling molecules regulating immune function. Through multiple pathways, such as directly acting on immune cells or indirectly modulating the gastrointestinal microbiota, nutrients profoundly influence the immune function of dairy ruminants. This paper systematically reviewed the direct regulatory mechanisms of key nutrients, such as amino acids and fatty acids, on immune cells, the indirect immune regulatory pathways of nutrients via the gastrointestinal microbiota and their metabolites, the role of nutrients in maintaining the intestinal physical and immune barrier, and the functions of nutrients in alleviating oxidative stress and regulating the balance of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, it summarized application strategies for immune enhancement, including the use of functional feed additives, precision nutrition, and phase-feeding. The aim is to provide a theoretical reference for formulating precision nutrition plans, enhancing immunity, and promoting healthy farming practices for dairy ruminants.
| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |