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Heat stress is a critical environmental factor impairing reproductive performance in dairy cows during summer, with particularly detrimental effects on early embryonic survival. This review systematically summarized the impacts and underlying mechanisms of heat stress on early embryo survival in dairy cows. It begins by outlining the assessment indicators of heat stress and its multifaceted reproductive consequences, including abnormal estrus, reduced fertilization rates, and increased embryonic mortality. The mechanisms are then analyzed from both maternal and embryonic perspectives. On the maternal side, heat stress disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, elevates reproductive tract temperature, and alters uterine blood flow and endometrial secretory functions, thereby compromising the embryonic microenvironment. On the embryonic side, heat stress induces oocyte aging, interferes with embryonic genome activation, triggers apoptosis, and disturbs redox homeostasis, with embryonic stage and genotype playing key roles in differential thermotolerance. Furthermore, this review summarized commonly applied interventions in dairy production, such as timed ovulation-fixed-time insemination, GnRH/hCG administration, and progesterone supplementation, aimed at mitigating the negative effects of heat stress on embryo survival. This review aimed to provide both theoretical foundations and practical strategies for improving dairy cow reproductive performance during hot seasons.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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