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To analyze the potential mechanism of naringenin in improving diabetes-related intestinal inflammation.
In cell experiment, STC-1 cells were randomized into blank group, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) group, experimental-L group (AGEs+25 μg·mL-1 naringenin) and experimental-H group (AGEs+50 μg·mL-1 naringenin). In animal experiment, male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group, model group (to construct diabetes-related intestinal injury model), experimental-L group (modeling +25 mg·kg-1 naringenin), experimental-H group (modeling +75 mg·kg-1 naringenin) and metformin group (modeling +0.5 g·kg-1 metformin). STC-1 cell necroptosis was detected using the Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide (PI) double staining method. Glycolipid metabolism indicators and pro-inflammatory factor levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like (p-MLKL) protein and Occludin protein was assessed by Western blotting.
In cell experiment, PI-positive rates of blank, AGEs, experimental-L and experimental-H groups were (4.36±0.30)%, (19.37±1.58)%, (15.90±1.03)% and (12.85±1.51), respectively; IL-6 levels were (17.74±2.23), (71.46±6.54), (42.39±5.34) and (33.63±1.82) pg·mL-1, respectively; p-MLKL relative expression levels were 0.39±0.05, 0.83±0.10, 0.74±0.07 and 0.58±0.04, respectively. All indicators showed significant differences between AGEs group and blank group, experimental-L group or experimental-H group and AGEs group (P<0.05, P<0.01). In animal experiment, post-intervention FBG levels of blank control group, model group, experimental-L group, experimental-H group and metformin group were (4.89±0.54), (26.88±1.96), (18.47±1.53), (14.96±1.67) and (13.91±1.16) mmol·L-1, respectively; TG levels were (0.43±0.06), (1.70±0.15), (1.46±0.14), (1.13±0.10) and (0.81±0.09) mmol·L-1, respectively; IL-6 levels were (13.59±1.06), (62.02±5.92), (50.19±4.44), (37.78±3.58) and (48.91±8.46) pg·mL-1, respectively; the relative expression levels of p-MLKL were 0.38±0.05, 1.07±0.13, 0.79±0.08, 0.61±0.05 and 0.80±0.09, respectively; the relative expression levels of Occludin were 0.97±0.07, 0.35±0.04, 0.61±0.05, 0.83±0.07 and 0.43±0.06, respectively. Significant differences were observed between model group and blank control group, experimental-L group or experimental-H group or metformin groups and model group (P<0.05, P<0.01).
Naringenin can improve the function of intestinal endocrine cells and protect against diabetes-related intestinal injury, which may be related to the mechanism of necrotic apoptosis mediated by MLKL.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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