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Ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) is a common pathological process in clinical practice, referring to the phenomenon where the degree of tissue or organ damage intensifies when blood flow is restored after ischemia. In the urinary system, renal I/R is a key factor in inducing acute kidney injury, and its mechanism is closely related to the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and systemic inflammatory responses after ischemia, which can also cause chain damage to multiple organs such as the testis through the blood circulation. Garlic, as a traditional food and medicine, its derived organic polysulfides (such as allicin, S-allyl cysteine, etc.) have been proven to have pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation. This article systematically reviews the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of garlic-derived organic polysulfides in urinary system I/R injury. At the level of oxidative stress, it restores the oxidative balance by regulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and ROS-generating enzymes; at the anti-apoptotic level, it inhibits excessive apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by targeting the B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2)/ Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) family and cysteine aspartate-specific protease (Caspase) cascade pathways; at the anti-inflammatory level, it regulates the balance of interleukin (IL)-4/IL-10 and IL-6/ tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and controls the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and macrophage polarization, its protective effects have multi-target and multi-organ characteristics. This article aims to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of urinary system I/R-related injuries, and at the same time looks forward to further exploring the cross-regulation mechanism of oxidative stress-apoptosis-inflammation in the future, with the expectation of promoting it to become a potential clinical treatment option.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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