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Bone-related infections represent a significant challenge in orthopedic practice, and the penetration efficacy of antimicrobials into bone tissue serves as a critical determinant of therapeutic outcomes. This review systematically summarizes the bone penetration characteristics of clinically used antimicrobial agents. Current evidence indicates that most β-lactam antibiotics demonstrate bone penetration rates ranging from 10% to 50%, while fluoroquinolones exhibit higher penetration at 30%-100%. Vancomycin and teicoplanin display penetration rates between 10% and 40%. Notably, clindamycin, linezolid and rifampicin achieve penetration rates exceeding 30%. Multiple factors influence drug penetration characteristics, including anatomical bone site variations, local blood perfusion status, patients’ pathophysiological conditions, as well as administration routes and dosage regimens.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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