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Bone is not a static scaffold but a highly dynamic organ, whose development and homeostasis are significantly influenced by various drugs and xenobiotics. While traditional research has primarily focused on nutritional, hormonal, and genetic factors affecting bone, growing evidence highlights drugs and xenobiotics exposure as critical, non-negligible risk factors for bone health. This review systematically summarizes and analyzes the pharmacological impact of drugs (such as aromatase inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, insulin sensitizers and antibiotics) and xenobiotics (such as heavy metals, environmental pollutants and endocrine disruptors) on bone development and metabolism. It emphasizes their roles in disrupting bone metabolic balance—through mechanisms including interference with signaling pathways, induction of oxidative stress, mimicry or antagonism of endocrine hormones, triggering of chronic inflammation, and induction of epigenetic alterations—leading to impaired bone microstructure, reduced bone strength, and increased fracture risk. Additionally, this review compiles potential bone-protective drugs and exogenous nutrients, evaluating their pharmacological actions in promoting bone health via supplemental osteogenic substrates, modulation of osteoblast/osteoclast activity, and repair of bone metabolic damage. The aim of this synthesis is to provide a pharmacological foundation for assessing risks posed by drugs and related xenobiotics to bone development and to offer new perspectives for preventing and treating bone-related disorders.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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