Gastrointestinal tumors, as clinically prevalent and highly malignant cancers, are closely associated with oxidative stress in their development. By inducing imbalances in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, oxidative stress promotes tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance, making it a key target in contemporary cancer prevention and treatment research. In recent years, individual components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have demonstrated significant potential in regulating oxidative stress due to their well-defined structures, diverse actions, and multi-target regulatory properties. This systematic review summarizes recent advances in how various TCM monomeric components inhibit gastrointestinal tumor cell proliferation and migration, induce apoptosis, and modulate the tumor microenvironment through antioxidant mechanisms. It focuses on analyzing key signaling pathways and molecular targets involved, such as nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Integrating existing experimental evidence and partial clinical data, this review further reveals the potential application value of TCM monomers in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal tumors, while identifying current research challenges. It aims to provide theoretical foundations and directional references for basic research and new drug development in this field.
| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |