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As an antimalarial drug, hydroxychloroquine has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, and can treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other diseases. Because of its potential to inhibit virus therapy, it is widely used during the period of novel coronavirus pneumonia. Hydroxychloroquine also has drug side effects, which can cause damage to multiple systems such as the nervous system, cardiovascular system, retina, digestive system, skin, and blood system. Its toxic mechanism is related to Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme metabolism, blocking inward rectifier K+current(IK1), interfering with photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, and other effects. This study provides a review of the toxic side effects and molecular mechanisms caused by the application of hydroxychloroquine, providing theoretical support for the study of its toxic effects and rational clinical use.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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