The conjugation and integration of functional molecules have emerged as a core innovative direction in the biomedical field, driving the innovation and upgrading of biotechnology across multiple domains including imaging, detection, and therapy. As a class of novel functional biomolecules, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs) achieve the precise combination of monoclonal antibodies and oligonucleotides through chemical conjugation or bioengineering technologies. They not only inherit the advantage of antibodies in specific targeted delivery but also possess the gene expression regulation function of oligonucleotides, gaining increasing attention in the field of modern biotechnology in recent years. This article systematically sorts out the structural composition, core characteristics, and key technological breakthroughs of AOCs, focusing on analyzing their application scenarios and research status in clinical detection and disease treatment, aiming to provide a reference for the independent research and development, technological innovation, and industrial transformation of AOC drugs in China.