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In recent years, there has been an increasing trend in poisoning cases caused by improper use of sedative-hypnotic drugs, with related fatalities also rising annually. The dual characteristics of significant therapeutic effects and abuse potential have made these drugs a critical issue in global public health and clinical diagnosis and treatment. As a classic category of sedative-hypnotic agents, benzodiazepines are widely used in clinical departments such as emergency medicine, psychiatry, and cardiology. However, long-term use may lead to drug accumulation, tolerance, and dependence risks. Due to increasing social stress and accelerated population aging, the illicit use and recreational abuse of benzodiazepines persist. A growing number of individuals attempt to use these drugs to improve sleep quality or seek psychological euphoria, resulting in a significant rise in abuse and poisoning risks. This article outlines the monitoring requirements for benzodiazepines in clinical medication, introduces the latest sample pretreatment techniques, and reviews the current commonly used analytical technology systems, including the development trends of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and their hyphenated techniques. It focuses on the application value of different detection technologies in clinical monitoring, emergency treatment, and drug abuse prevention. By summarizing the development trends of emerging detection technologies, this study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for technological advancements in clinical drug monitoring and public health regulation.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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