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To address the challenges in multi-AUV formation maneuvering, such as limited state perception and transmission capabilities, acoustic communication delays, data loss, and reduced observability due to the lack of position information exchange, this study proposes an event-triggered metrology−communication unified framework with a Lyapunov-based model predictive formation control method (ETMCU−LMPC). The proposed approach aims to enhance formation stability and tracking accuracy.
First, by integrating the formation communication topology with system states, an event-triggered mechanism based on state observation is established. This mechanism leverages relative measurements among AUVs to mitigate delays and data loss caused by acoustic communication failures, while improving system observability in the absence of position information exchange. Second, a distributed model predictive controller based on Lyapunov theory is designed. The controller employs backstepping to construct contractive constraints, ensuring recursive feasibility, and incorporates adaptive Kalman filtering (AKF) to compensate for measurement noise, thereby guaranteeing closed-loop stability.
Simulation results of the formation control for five AUVs (1 leader and 4 followers) show that, compared with the traditional LMPC, the proposed ETMCU−LMPC method reduces the convergence time from 8 s to 6 s, the maximum error from 1.12 m to 0.36 m, and the steady-state error from 0.57 m to 0.06 m. Additionally, the control input exhibits greater stability.
The proposed method can effectively cope with communication anomalies, improve the reliability of multi-AUV formations under scenarios with limited state perception and transmission, and thus possesses practical engineering significance.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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