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Outline
To address the issue of volatility and nonlinearity in carbon emission data sequences from the transportation sector affecting prediction accuracy, this study proposes a carbon emission prediction model that integrates Multivariate Variational Mode Decomposition (MVMD), differential multi-head attention mechanism, improved iTransformer, and LSTM enhanced by Sparrow Search Algorithm(SSA). First, MVMD was introduced to decompose the transportation carbon emission feature data sequence into modal components of different frequencies. Sample entropy was then used to quantify the complexity of each component, which was categorized into high- and low-frequency data based on entropy values, thereby further mitigating the volatility and nonlinearity of the carbon emission data sequence. Subsequently, SSA-LSTM was employed to predict low-frequency data, capturing long-range dependencies, while LSTM combined with the improved iTransformer was applied to rapidly denoise and fit high-frequency data to avoid interference with the primary trend. Finally, the prediction results of high- and low-frequency data were combined using weights calculated based on the sizes of sample entropy values. The model was validated using carbon emission data from China's transportation sector from 2000 to 2022. The results showed that the proposed model achieved a root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 10.31×106t, 106.35×106t, and 0.97%, respectively, outperforming other comparative models and confirming its effectiveness.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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