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CH4 emission fluxes from five animal slurry lagoons in North China were quantified using the dynamic chamber method between October and November 2024. Meteorological conditions, water quality parameters, and microbial data were collected to identify key drivers and explore underlying mechanisms. Methane emission fluxes from the five lagoons ranged from 4.3 to 99.8g/(m2·d). The second-stage lagoon at the Miyun pig farm (MY_L2) exhibited significantly lower emissions, which was attributed to extensive organic matter degradation in the on-farm deep-pit system and the preceding black-film biogas digester. Methane emission fluxes showed a strong positive correlation with acetic acid concentration (r=0.74, P<0.01) and a strong negative correlation with pH (r=-0.70, P<0.01). The diurnal (24h) variation in CH4 emission flux was significantly positively correlated with air temperature (r=0.83, P<0.05). The abundance of the methanogenic marker gene mcrA in the lagoons (1.9×107 to 4.4×108copies/mL) was substantially higher than that of the methanotrophic marker gene pmoA (4.9×104 to 5.1×106copies/mL), indicating a high CH4 emission potential under open-air storage conditions. Among the five slurry lagoons, three were dominated by the acetoclastic methanogenic archaea, Methanosarcina and Methanosaeta. These lagoons were also enriched with acetogenic bacteria as well as hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria that degrade complex organic matter, thereby providing essential substrates for acetoclastic methanogenesis. In contrast, the lagoon with the highest CH4 emissions was dominated by the hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanobrevibacter and was enriched with acetate-consuming bacteria, which may creat competitive inhibition of acetoclastic methanogens. The remaining lagoon exhibited a balanced coexistence of acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, potentially facilitated by Clostridium species capable of concurrently supplying acetate and H2/CO2. Shifts in the community structure of acetoclastic methanogens (P<0.05) and overall bacterial communities (P<0.01) across the lagoons significantly influenced the CH4 emissions. To effectively mitigate CH4 emissions, strategies should encompass not only front-end manure management (e.g., in-house manure removal practices and solid-liquid separation), but also the development of technologies to regulate lagoon pH or reducing acetic acid (acetate) concentrations.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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