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The effects and mechanisms of high ammonium (NH4+) stress on nitrogen transformation and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions of attached biofilms on different substrate were investigated. Under high ammonium-nitrogen conditions, the nitrification potential of epiphytic biofilms associated with Vallisneria natans and Ceratophyllum demersum increased by 27.1-fold and 10.2-fold, respectively, whereas denitrification was suppressed, resulting in nitrogen accumulation. High NH4+ levels promoted N2O emissions associated with nitrification; however, N2O production during nitrification accounted for only up to 1.28% of that from denitrification, and denitrification was the main pathway of N2O emissions. Under high NH4+ stress, the increased abundances of nitrifying bacteria and genes but decreased denitrifiers contributed to changes in nitrogen transformation activities. Concurrently, the N2O emission potential (nirS/nosZ and nirK/nosZ) increased by 90% and 59%, which enhanced N2O emissions. Notably, artificial plant biofilms exhibited the highest nitrification and denitrification activities, whereas N2O emission from attached biofilms on Vallisneria natans was only 65.92%~82.76% of those from artificial plants and Ceratophyllum demersum L., suggesting dual regulation by functional microbial composition and microenvironment.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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