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The zero-valent iron-activated persulfate (ZVI-PS) method was used for sludge dewatering. The dewatered sludge was then mixed with humic carbon (HC) and carbonized to successfully prepare a hybrid biochar catalyst. When applied to levofloxacin (LVFO)-containing wastewater treatment in a photofenton system, the catalyst exhibited excellent performance under circumneutral conditions. It effectively addressed the traditional Fenton system's dependence on acidic environments, thereby significantly broadening the applicable pH range. This study systematically investigated the effects of catalyst dosage, H2O2 concentration, xenon lamp power, and pH on LVFO degradation efficiency. The results showed that under optimal conditions (catalyst dosage: 1g/L, H2O2 dosage: 0.6mL/L, xenon lamp power: 300W, pH 7), the LVFO degradation rate by the hybrid biochar reached 92.58%—far higher than the 55.86% achieved by humic carbon. This superior performance was primarily attributed to the abundant iron species on the hybrid biochar surface, which facilitate iron cycling and thus enhance catalytic activity. Active species quenching experiments revealed that the system degrades LVFO mainly through the non-radical pathway of singlet oxygen (1O2), which explained its excellent degradation capacity under circumneutral conditions. After five cycles of reuse, the catalyst's iron leaching rate was below 0.56%, and it retained high catalytic efficiency. A potential LVFO degradation pathway was proposed based on three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and intermediate product detection.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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