Full
Outline
To investigate the pollution sources of heavy metal elements and assess the health risk status in the water of South Dongting Lake, and to provide data and methodological support for the precise prevention and control of heavy metal pollution and public health management, a total of 24 surface water samples and 16 groundwater samples were collected in the area. The absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model and the health risk assessment (HRA) model were applied to analyze and evaluate the contamination sources of eight heavy metals (As, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd) and their associated health risks in the water bodies of South Dongting Lake. The results revealed considerable variation in heavy metal concentrations. In surface water, only Cr exceeded the standard, with an exceedance rate of 33.33% and an average concentration 4.70 times the standard limit. In groundwater, Cr and Mn exceeded the standards, with exceedance rates of 25.00% and 31.25%, and average concentrations 1.32 and 3.07 times their limits, respectively. The remaining elements complied with the relevant quality standards. Most heavy metals showed significant spatial variation, and Cr contributed the most to the total heavy metal concentration in both water bodies. Based on the single-factor and Nemerow pollution indices, Cr in surface water was at a severe pollution level, while Mn and Cr in groundwater were at severe and moderate levels, respectively; however, the overall pollution level of the regional water bodies was relatively light, with good water quality. Pollution source apportionment identified four primary sources: agricultural activities (29.76%), industrial activities (26.78%), natural geological background (23.57%), and traffic-related sources (19.90%). The health risk assessment indicated that risks from the drinking pathway were greater than those from dermal contact, and adults faced higher risks than children. The combined non-carcinogenic risk for adults was primarily attributed to Cr and Zn via the drinking water pathway. The carcinogenic risk of Cr posed a potential threat to both groups through drinking. Furthermore, Cr originating from industrial and agricultural activities was identified as the major contributor to carcinogenic risk. Therefore, to ensure the environmental safety of the water in South Dongting Lake, it was concluded that pollution sources should be strictly controlled, and the supervision and management of heavy metal pollution risks in the water bodies should be continuously strengthened, with priority given to controlling heavy metal pollution caused by industrial activities and agricultural production.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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