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The synergistic treatment of municipal sludge with black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and its effects on nitrogen transformation were investigated in this study. Sludge-based substrates with 0%, 10%, and 30% wheat bran (T2~T4) were used for BSFL treatment, with T1serving as the BSFL-free control. BSFL performance, bioconversion efficiency, and nitrogen transformation characteristics during the sludge treatment were systematically evaluated. Results indicated that the combined application of BSFL and wheat bran significantly enhanced biotransformation efficiency (20.13%~35.24%), alongside increases in crude fat (19.69%~ 26.77%) and protein content (16.26%~24.26%). The best growth performance and nutrient accumulation were observed in the treatment group (T4) with a 30% addition of wheat bran. Moreover, a notable reduction in substrate moisture (7.49%~7.65%), organic matter (16.33%~28.50%), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (25.53%~47.06%) were achieved, while pH (8.42~8.63) and electrical conductivity (635~1110μS/cm) were increased by BSFL treatment. Analysis of nitrogen fractions revealed that substrate organic nitrogen degradation was significantly accelerated by BSFL, thereby promoting the ammonification process. A 36.45%~51.09% reduction in total nitrogen (TN) was measured in the post-treatment sludge, accompanied by a marked increase in NH4+-N, and consistently low NO3--N levels. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that urease activity was positively correlated with NH4+-N, EC, and pH, suggesting that urease and dehydrogenase activities were regulated by BSFL to facilitate the conversion of organic to inorganic nitrogen forms. Furthermore, protease activity exhibited a close relationship with organic matter content, gradually diminishing as substrate availability decreased. These findings demonstrate that BSFL enhance carbon-nitrogen metabolism by modulating key hydrolytic enzymes, thereby optimizing nitrogen transformation pathways in sludge.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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