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Outline
In response to the challenges of unclear sources and unknown pathways of cadmium pollution and its traceability in China, the material flow analysis method was employed to construct a cadmium material flow analysis framework covering the entire life cycle from resource extraction to the social economic system and final discharge into the environment. This framework was applied to quantify the flows and stocks of cadmium within China from 2010 to 2020, supported by an uncertainty analysis of the data. The results show that domestic extraction and production is the main source of cadmium input in China, while the proportion of foreign trade in imported cadmium is gradually increasing. Driven by the growth of new energy sectors such as lithium batteries, the use of nickel-cadmium batteries declined rapidly, making PVC heat stabilizers the dominant cadmium-containing product in China.Non-ferrous metal smelting was the largest contributor to cadmium emissions, accounting for over 60% of the total; cadmium emissions peaked in 2013, with cadmium in the form of solid waste accounting for 96.42%, cadmium entering the atmosphere and water accounting for 3.54% and 0.04%. In addition, this study found that the cadmium stock in the socio-economic system is increasing at an average annual growth rate of 27.32%. Over all, the growth trend of cadmium production and demand in China has slowed down significantly,and the composition of input sources remains relatively stable. the pollution caused by the various stages of cadmium production in China mainly enters the environment in the form of solid waste, and the management of cadmium-containing waste should be strengthened. Concurrently, accelerating the development of clean and resource-recycling technologies for end-of-life cadmium products is crucial to mitigating the rapidly growing societal stock.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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