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Using the data from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the China Statistical Yearbook spanning 1961 to 2021, this paper systematically analyzes the current status and evolution patterns of methane (CH4) emissions from rice, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from wheat, and N2O emissions from maize in the world's five major grain-producing countries. It further explores the long-term trends and driving factors of CH4 and N2O emissions from China’s three staple grain crops. The results show that in recent years, China’s rice CH4 emissions and wheat N2O emissions consistently ranked highest among the five countries while maize N2O emissions and the corresponding emissions per unit grain mass both ranked second. However, the carbon emissions per unit grain mass for both crops was in the middle-to-lower range among the five nations. Between 1961 and 2021, China’s rice CH4 emissions, wheat N2O emissions, and maize N2O emissions increased by 13.9%, 474.0%, and 831.5%, respectively. Conversely, their non-CO2 carbon emissions per unit grain mass significantly decreased by 69.9%, 40.5%, and 38.3%, respectively. The heavy application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer was identified as the key driver that triggers the rapid increase in wheat and maize N2O emissions. This study reveals that China has made significant progress in reducing carbon emissions from its three major grain crops. Nevertheless, the rapid rise in N2O emissions from wheat and maize has become a major constraint hindering further progress in decarbonizing China’s grain production.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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