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Outline
In the present study, a comprehensive investigation of PAHs in surface dust from Beijing was conducted through the integration of the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) model, Monte Carlo simulation, and bootstrap uncertainty analysis. This integrated approach enabled a systematic analysis of the occurrence characteristics, health risks, and primary risk sources of 16 priority PAHs, while simultaneously quantifying uncertainties inherent in both risk assessment and source apportionment processes. Results indicated that the total concentrations of PAHs in Beijing’s surface dust ranged from 2.33 to 19.22μg/g, with high-ring PAHs being the dominant component (mean concentration: 6.43μg/g). Specifically, traffic-dominated zones within core urban areas exhibited the highest PAH levels (13.39μg/g), whereas ecological zones displayed the lowest concentrations (5.24μg/g). Probabilistic analysis revealed that the probability of moderate carcinogenic risk associated with PAH exposure reached 90.02% for adults and 94.97% for children, respectively. Children were found to be more susceptible to PAH-related health risks via the hand-to-mouth ingestion pathway, whereas adults faced greater vulnerability through dermal contact. Key driving factors influencing PAH exposure risks included duration of exposure and skin contact area. Source apportionment results identified three primary contributors to PAHs in surface dust: vehicle exhaust emissions (37.4%), non-combustion vehicle-related emissions (26.6%), and biomass/coal combustion (33.8%). Notably, although biomass/coal combustion accounted for 33.84% of the total PAH concentrations, its contribution to associated health risks was only approximately 15%. This observation highlights a significant discrepancy between concentration-based and risk-based source apportionment outcomes. Collectively, these findings provide valuable scientific insights to support the development of targeted pollution control measures for PAHs in Beijing.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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