Full
Outline
Heavy metals in mainstream cigarette smoke can pose risks to smokers and other exposed populations. Although international standards have released to control of hazardous substances in tobacco products, no recognized standard currently exists for quantitative management of heavy metals in cigarettes. The scientific and precise exposure modeling and health risk assessment of heavy metals in mainstream smoke from best-selling cigarettes could provide theoretical support for developing targeted quantitative control strategies on both government and smoker scales. The basic levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the 15best-selling brands of cigarettes in Hubei Province were investigated, and a comparative analysis of the content in different cigarette types was conducted. Further, the human respiratory tract model was introduced to calculate the deposition rates of particulate matter of different sizes in mainstream smoke, and then the deposition doses in each part of the human respiratory tract were estimated. Finally, integratedly using inhalation exposure feature of mainstream smoke, the regional exposure parameters and triangular fuzzy numbers, an optimized health risk assessment model was established and carried out. The results showed that the mean values and ranges of As, Cd, and Pb in mainstream smoke were as follows: Cd (1.95mg/kg, 0.623~2.81mg/kg), As (1.33mg/kg, 0.172~2.88mg/kg) and Pb (1.13mg/kg, 0.413~1.65mg/kg). PM2.5 accounted for 75%~85% of the particulate matter released from mainstream smoke, and the deposition rates in respiratory tract after fuzzy number operation were [27.48%, 29.19%] for PM2.5and [28.50%, 30.46%] for PM5. The carcinogenic risk of As, Cd, and Pb in mainstream smoke was ranked as follows: Cd (Ⅱ-Ⅴ) > As (Ⅱ-Ⅳ) > Pb (Ⅰ), hence As and Cd were identified as the priority heavy metals for control. Based on the annual mortality rates attributed to tobacco consumption, the standard value of Class Ⅱ risk (1×10-5) was chosen as the risk control value for daily smokers. And according to the inverse calculation of the total exposure of mainstream smoke, the daily smoking amount based on this survey should be controlled at 3~4 cigarettes for thick cigarettes and menthol cigarettes, and 1~2 cigarettes for thin cigarettes. Advise all types of smokers to quit smoking as soon as possible.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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