This study evaluated the environmental pollutant reduction and health benefits of new energy vehicle (NEV) promotion in China from 2019 to 2023 through a vehicle life cycle perspective. The emission factor method was employed to quantify pollutant reduction effects, while exposure-response model was used to analyze health impacts from pollutant concentration changes. Health benefits were monetized using the value of statistical life (VSL) method and disease cost method, with uncertainty assessment through the Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed that: In terms of spatial environmental effects, the emission reduction effects of new energy vehicles showed significant heterogeneity, and the emission reduction effects in coastal regions were better than that in inland regions. In terms of time evolution, the emission reduction of CO₂, NO_x, VOCs and SO₂ increased year by year, though NEVs emitted more PM_2.5 than conventional vehicles. Regional disparities emerged with South Central China achieving maximum CO₂ reduction versus minimal reductions in Northwest China, accompanied by significant inter-regional growth rate variations. East China dominated in VOCs and NO_x reduction, while Northeast China exhibited higher annual growth rates. SO₂ reduction displayed polarization, with some regions experiencing emission increases. PM_2.5 dynamics proved complex, showing emission growth in certain regions. Vehicle-type analysis indicated NEV buses outperformed passenger vehicles in reducing PM_2.5, NO_x and SO₂, while passenger vehicles demonstrated advantages in CO₂ and VOCs reduction. Health benefits analysis revealed NEV adoption significantly reduced mortality and morbidity rates, with PM_2.5 mitigation showing particular prominence, and health improvements exhibited annual growth. Monetized health benefits demonstrated sustained growth, with SO₂-related monetary value showing the most significant increase (77.05%) during the study period, though PM_2.5 contributed the largest absolute value. Regional disparities emerged in monetary benefits, with coastal and central regions generating higher economic value compared to western regions.