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Outline
This study systematically explores the performance and mechanisms of zirconium-based gel coagulant (ZXC) synthesized by the sol-gel method in fluoride removal. Through optimizing parameters, examining the impacts of coexisting matrix, and analyzing physicochemical properties, we found that ZXC achieved the best fluoride removal at pH 4.0. ZXC outperformed traditional coagulants like polyaluminum chloride (PAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS), and titanium-based coagulants (TXC), effectively reducing fluoride to below 1.0mg/L with low residual metal concentrations. The fluoride removal by ZXC involves a "concentration-dependent multi-mechanism synergy process," primarily via ligand exchange at low concentrations, and through direct coordination, co-precipitation, and condensation at higher concentrations. Field tests demonstrate that ZXC can reduce fluoride levels in contaminated groundwater, electroplating wastewater, and photovoltaic wastewater to below 1.5mg/L, meeting the first-tier discharge standards. This work offers an efficient and practical solution for industrial fluoride wastewater and high-fluoride groundwater treatment.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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