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Outline
This study addresses the challenge of low-temperature nitrogen removal in the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) process. By using cold shock, the nitrogen removal performance of immobilized ANAMMOX particles (R3) at various low temperatures was successfully improved. The results showed that, at the low temperatures ranging from 23℃ to 6℃, the nitrogen removal efficiency of R3 particles was significantly higher than that of non-cold-shocked immobilized particles (R2) and non-immobilized ANAMMOX sludge (R1), with the advantage being especially pronounced at 12 and 6℃. The higher specific ANAMMOX activity (SAA) and biomass concentration (MLVSS) of R3 particles were key factors in maintaining efficient nitrogen removal at low temperatures. At 12 and 6℃, the SAA of R3 was 20~22 times higher than that of R1 and 12~14 times higher than R2; the MLVSS of R3 reached as high as 6059~4732mg/L. This was attributed to the fact that cold shock improved the metabolic proliferation of functional bacteria, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) regulation, and the secondary structure of proteins (PN) in EPS. Notably, the relative abundance of Candidatus Brocadia in R3 was significantly increased, enabling it to maintain activity at extremely low temperatures. Additionally, the increase in the abundance of ANAMMOX genera and cold-tolerant bacterial genera within the particles facilitated the regulation of EPS secretion and improved bioaggregation. This study provides an effective approach for promoting the low-temperature application of the ANAMMOX process.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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