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Outline
Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs) have played a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and providing ecological services, but they are facing increasingly severe threats under environmental changes. The identification and assessment of GDEs have been the basis for their monitoring, management, and protection. In this paper, the development, classification, delineation, and research methods for the identification and assessment of GDEs were reviewed. The framework of GDE identification and assessment models was summarized. The application of geospatial technologies, with GIS as a typical tool, and remote-sensing data provided by Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS, etc., in the identification of GDEs was explored. The current research limitations and future directions were put forward. The research on the identification and assessment of GDEs has evolved from using single determination methods, such as water level monitoring and isotopic analysis, to a comprehensive approach that integrates multiple data sources, including hydrogeological data, ecological indicators, and meteorological data. The representation of results has also shifted from traditional classification algorithms to the use of machine-learning-coupled algorithms, such as random forest models. However, how to accurately identify the spatial distribution of GDEs, precisely monitor their dynamic changes, and improve adaptive management strategies remain urgent issues to be resolved. In the future, theoretical innovation in the methodological system for GDE identification and assessment should be promoted. Innovation in methods should be achieved by integrating multi-source data, and technological innovation should be realized by exploring the application of deep-learning algorithms and the integration of artificial intelligence, so as to enhance the management level and efficiency of protection and restoration of GDEs.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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