Full
Outline
Red mud (RM) was selected as the Fe source and orange peel (OP, pH=3.0~4.9) as the carbon source, RM@OPB composite was prepared through impregnation-pyrolysis method. The regulation of red mud alkalinity by orange peel and the influencing factors were analyzed. The catalytic performance of RM@OPB in activating PMS for IPM degradation was investigated as well. The mechanism of IPM degradation in the RM@OPB/PMS system was further explored through the combination of HPLC/MS analysis, active species quenching experiments, fluorescence spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the pre-post-reaction of RM@OPB. Finally, the ecological toxicity of IPM and its intermediates was predicted using the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) software. The results demonstrated that orange peel co-impregnation effectively regulated the alkalinity of red mud, with the leachate pH decreasing from 11.0 to 7.27, at impregnation time and mRM: mOP of 24h and 1:2.5, respectively. During the pyrolysis, reductive gases generated from orange peel facilitated the transformation of Fe2O3 in RM into Fe3O4 and Fe0, magnetic RM@OPB materials was manufactured. Notably, RM@OPB-800exhibited effective catalytic performance for IPM degradation, with the degradation of 8mg/L IPM achieving 96.5% in 60min (k=0.065min-1), under the experimental conditions of 0.5g/L RM@OPB-800, 1.0mmol/L PMS, and initial pH=6.7, respectively. Singlet oxygen (1O2) was identified as the dominant reactive species in the RM@OPB-800/PMS system. IPM degraded mainly through side-chain amide hydrolysis and oxidation, dehydrogenation, deiodination, and hydroxyl addition, with 12intermediates generated. ECOSAR analysis confirmed no highly toxic intermediates were formed. The findings can provide some critical insights into the resource utilization of red mud.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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