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This study used Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) as a pioneer plant for vegetation establishment on tungsten tailings to restore the tailings' soil multifunctionality index (SMF). The results showed that the application of chicken manure and biochar increased the available nitrogen (61.15%~61.48% and 23.55%~24.82%), available phosphorus (116.07%~143.50%), and organic matter content (55.46%~59.80% and 255.36%~263.27%) in the tailings. Chicken manure also increased the activities of urease (95.97%~117.03%), β-glucosidase (97.28%~112.59%), and phosphatase (31.11%~49.35%) in the tailings. These changes led to an increase in the SMF of the tailings, and the SMF was significantly correlated with the planting time of F. arundinacea (R2 = 0.4260, P< 0.05). The amendments altered the bacterial community structure, with the community dissimilarity index between treatments increasing from 0.5437 to 0.7696 and then decreasing to 0.3496. The development of the bacterial community in the tailings showed convergence, attributed to the increase in the SMF. Co-occurrence network analysis of OUTs (operational taxonomic units) revealed that after the amendment treatments, the proportion of positively correlated edges decreased from 65.39% to 56.96%~61.85%, which enhanced the competitive relationships between bacteria and increased the complexity and sensitivity of the bacterial network. The structural equation model explained 89.1% of the changes in soil multifunctionality, with the direct effect of the amendments being 0.502. Additionally, indirect effects were generated through their impact on the fresh weight of F. arundinacea, bacterial diversity, and the co-occurrence network of OUTs.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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