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From October 2023 to September 2024, regular monitoring of water quality parameters and CO2 concentrations in river water and groundwater was conducted in the upstream watershed of the Nantiao River in Lin'an, to quantitatively investigate their spatiotemporal variability. Results showed that both riverine and groundwater CO2 concentrations exhibited pronounced temporal fluctuations. On a monthly scale, peak CO2 concentrations in both river water and groundwater occurred in July, whereas the minima were temporally asynchronous, observed in December for rivers and January for groundwater, respectively. And seasonally, CO2 concentrations in both river water and groundwater followed the order:summer > spring > autumn > winter. Overall, groundwater CO2 concentrations averaged (152.04 ± 35.15) μmol/L, approximately 4.57 times higher than those in river water (33.24 ± 6.19μmol/L), indicating that groundwater may represent a significant potential source of aquatic CO2 emissions in this region. CO2 levels were markedly elevated in agricultural zones (river:68.47μmol/L; groundwater: 306.09μmol/L) compared to forested areas (river: 20.64μmol/L; groundwater: 73.93μmol/L). Significant positive correlations (P < 0.01) were observed between CO2 concentrations and agricultural-related water quality indicators (e.g., TN, TP, DOC), whereas negative correlations were found with DO, pH, and water temperature. Multiple linear regression revealed that the optimal spatial scales of land-use type combination influence on CO2 concentrations were 750m for river water (R2 = 0.88) and 1250m for groundwater (R2 = 0.58). Within these spatial buffers, riverine CO2 concentrations were most strongly associated with residential land cover (r = 0.90, P < 0.01), while groundwater CO2 was more influenced by cropland proportion (r = 0.83, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that intensive agricultural activities may significantly contribute to CO2 enrichment in groundwater, which in turn serves as an important source of aquatic CO2 emissions in the upstream watershed of the Nantiao River in Lin'an.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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