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In this study, ozone (O3) formation sensitivity in Henan Province was assessed using the FNR indicator derived from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model outputs, which was used to classify the province into distinct sensitivity zones. Observation data from national monitoring sites in Henan Province (2015~2022) were integrated with the Temperature method (Temp), Nighttime method (Night), 5th percentile method, and CMAQ-Night method to evaluate regional background O3 concentrations during both warm and cold seasons and their evolution trends across different zones. The results indicate that northern and eastern Henan are primarily VOC-limited, while the western and southern parts are predominantly NOx-limited. In northern and eastern Henan, the planetary boundary layer exhibits stronger VOC-limitation than the troposphere. The results demonstrate a regime transition, where VOC-limited zones gradually shift to transition zones, and these transition zones evolve into NOx-limited regimes. Background O3 concentrations estimated by the Temp, Night, and 5th percentile methods were 96.0, 103.2 and 88.4μg/m3, respectively, accounting for 64.9 69.7 and 59.9% of O3-8h during the warm season. In the cold season, the corresponding estimates were 56.0, 73.6, and 40.0μg/m3, with the Temp and 5th percentile methods contributing 88.4 and 63.2% of O3-8h, respectively. The result from the Night method exceeded O3-8h, likely due to the significant influence of NO titration effects during the cold season. The annual increase in cold-season O3 concentrations was attributed to the weakening of NO titration effects, driven by substantial reductions in NOx emissions. The CMAQ-Night method revealed that, in June, background O3 concentrations ranged from 73.1 to 151.4μg/m3 across Henan Province, accounting for 60% (in northern Henan) to 98% (in western Henan) of O3-8h, with an average value of 103.3μg/m3 (71.6%). In VOC-limited zones of northern Henan, O3 pollution was jointly driven by background contributions and local generation, while in the mountainous and hilly regions of western Henan, background contributions dominated. From 2015 to 2017, the increase in O3 concentrations across the province was primarily driven by local generation (57%), whereas the decline from 2017 to 2020 was mainly attributed to reductions in background O3 concentrations (58%). These findings highlight significant potential for further reducing locally generated O3 through targeted emission control measures.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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