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The feasibility of low-cost high-density monitoring networks for urban CO2 concentration monitoringA case study of Hangzhou.
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Jin-hui WU1, 2, Wei XIAO1, *, Liang CHEN3, **, Ning HU1, Jun WANG1, Yuan-ze LIU1
China Environmental Science | 2025, 45(5) : 2377 - 2389
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China Environmental Science | 2025, 45(5): 2377-2389
• Air Pollution Control •
The feasibility of low-cost high-density monitoring networks for urban CO2 concentration monitoringA case study of Hangzhou.
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Jin-hui WU1, 2, Wei XIAO1, *, Liang CHEN3, **, Ning HU1, Jun WANG1, Yuan-ze LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink-China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2.Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 3.Zhejiang Atmospheric Observation Technology Support Center, Hangzhou 310018, China
Published: 2025-05-20
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Based on the high-density observation network of low-cost CO2 analyzers deployed in Hangzhou, an analysis of CO2 concentration spanning a complete one-year from April 2023 to March 2024 was conducted. The results showed that:（1）Under field observation conditions, low-cost instruments experience data gaps, with annual data collection rates at various stations ranging from 38.58% to 99.39%. The Mean Bias Error（MBE）for the two non-dispersive infrared（NDIR）instruments is（3.2±1.4）µmol/mol. Therefore, it is essential to enhance the data collection rate at stations when deploying high-density network.（2）Observation from NDIR-based low-cost instruments were highly sensitive to environmental variations, but could be effectively corrected by machine learning-based calibration schemes. After correction, the correlation coefficient R2 between the network data and high-precision observation improved from 0.33 to 0.77, with the MBE of 1.2µmol/mol.（3）The high-density network of low-cost CO2 analyzers was can effectively capture the spatio-temporal variability of CO2 concentration. Diurnal variations and spatial distributions across stations reflected seasonal variations characteristics of urban CO2 sources and sinks. The deployment of this network has demonstrated the feasibility of operating a low-cost, high-density monitoring system in cities with complex underlying surfaces, such as those in China. This approach provided a basis for estimating urban carbon emissions and evaluating the effectiveness of emission reduction measures.

high-density network  /  low-cost instrument  /  Hangzhou  /  CO2 concentration
Jin-hui WU, Wei XIAO, Liang CHEN, Ning HU, Jun WANG, Yuan-ze LIU. The feasibility of low-cost high-density monitoring networks for urban CO2 concentration monitoringA case study of Hangzhou.[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2377 -2389 .
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  • Receive Date：2024-10-31
  • Online Date：2026-03-18
  • Published：2025-05-20
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  • Received：2024-10-31
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Affiliations
    1.Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink-China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
    2.Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
    3.Zhejiang Atmospheric Observation Technology Support Center, Hangzhou 310018, China
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