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By using Eisenia fetida as the test object, the growth and reproduction, cytochrome P450 (CYP) sub-enzymes activity, and small molecule metabolites were measured to investigate the metabolic toxicity of polyethylene microplastics with different particle sizes (small, 30~50µm; large, 125µm) at different concentrations (0.5, 2.5, 10, 20g/kg). The results showed that small particles of polyethylene were more likely to retain and accumulate in earthworms, and their harm to earthworms were greater. And large particle polyethylene microplastics could inhibit the reproduction of earthworms to some extent. The top twelve most important metabolites identified by metabolomics responded differently under the stress of different sizes of polyethylene, and the particle size of polyethylene had a significant effect on the toxic effect. The stress of small-size polyethylene with low concentrations (0.5, 2.5g/kg) had no significant effect on the CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 activities and the concentrations of important metabolites in earthworms; under the stress of small-size polyethylene with high concentrations (10, 20g/kg), the levels in seven important metabolites (L-formylkynurenine, androstanedione, androstenedione, docosapentaenoic acid, (5Z, 8Z, 14Z) -11, 12-dihydroxyicosa-5, 8, 14-dienoic acid (11, 12-DHET), inositol, and all-trans-retinoic acid) significantly increased by 20.5% to 70.2% compared to the control. Small-size polyethylene could cause the inflammation and neuro-metabolic disorders in earthworms, and damage their osmotic regulation metabolism. The significant induction of CYP2B6 and CY2C9 activity revealed that earthworms had certain detoxification functions. Under the stress of large-size polyethylene with the concentration of 0.5~20g/kg, no significant change in the activities of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 in earthworms in comparison to the control was observed. However, the levels in majority of important metabolites, including L-formylkynurenine, androstanedione, androstenedione, adenosine 3'-phosphate, inosine, and xanthine, were all significantly lower than the control by 20.0% to 77.3%, which suppressed the hormone production of the earthworms, thus affecting their reproduction and metabolism.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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