To elucidate the interaction mechanisms between iron-manganese minerals and antibiotics/antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), enhance the understanding of their environmental degradation behaviors, and advance remediation technologies, this study systematically investigates the multifaceted degradation mechanisms of antibiotics by iron-manganese minerals. The mechanisms are explored through the following pathways: synergistic catalysis through surface Brønsted acid sites, Lewis acid sites, and hydroxyl groups promoting antibiotic hydrolysis; semiconductor-mediated photocatalytic degradation via electron-hole pair generation; direct oxidation by redox-active components such as Fe(III)/Mn(IV) coupled with activation of persulfate/hydrogen peroxide to yield reactive species for complete mineralization; concomitant radical-induced damage to ARGs through phosphodiester bond cleavage and base pair destruction, effectively inhibiting their horizontal transfer and evolution. The practical efficacy of iron-manganese minerals has been demonstrated in diverse environmental matrices including soils, aquatic systems, sludge, and livestock manure, with degradation efficiency dynamically regulated by pH, organic matter content, co-existing ions, and moisture conditions. Future research should prioritize establishing integrated databases mapping antibiotic-ARG co-degradation pathways and toxicity profiles, developing in situ dynamic characterization techniques for mineral interface reactions, engineering environment-adaptive mineral- based composite materials.
| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |