To systematically assess the environmental risks of natural steroidal estrogens in vegetables, there is an urgent need to establish an efficient, reliable, universal, and convenient extraction and detection system for these estrogens. This study demonstrated that the three natural steroidal estrogens showed a strong linear relationship, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9995. The detection limits for estradiol, 17β-estradiol, and estrone were found to be 0.36~3.23μg/kg, 0.76~3.67μg/kg, and 13.97~20.12μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries for these substances ranged from 104.9% to 130.5%, while the relative standard deviations were between 4.9% and 18.7%. In root samples, the average recoveries were between 80.5% and 129.9%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 4.2% to 38.8%. This method detected natural estrogens in vegetable samples randomly collected in Nanjing city. The results indicated that natural estriol was detected in all vegetable samples, with a 100% detection rate in both the ground and root parts. The detection rate for 17β-estradiol was 75% in the ground part and 100% in the root. In contrast, the detection rate for estrone was 43.8% in the ground part and 18.8% in the root. Further studies are needed to assess the potential risks associated with estrone. Overall, The method exhibits high accuracy and precision, fulfilling the requirements for analysis and determination. Consequently, it provides scientific evidences for effectively assessing and control the environmental risks associated with natural steroidal estrogens in vegetables.
| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |