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Outline
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used in building materials, electronics, textiles, and other fields due to their excellent flame-retardant properties. However, their unique physicochemical properties, such as high lipophilicity and persistence, lead to their widespread distribution in the environment and bioaccumulation in organisms. Recent studies have shown that OPFRs can enter the human body through various routes, including inhalation, dietary intake, and dermal contact, potentially causing adverse health effects, with increasing concern regarding their impact on bone health. OPFR exposure has been linked to bone health issues such as reduced bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and increased fracture risk. The underlying mechanisms may involve the activation of PPARγ signaling pathways, disruption of thyroid hormones, and inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathways. This review aims to summarize the physicochemical properties, environmental distribution, human exposure levels, bone toxicity, and potential mechanisms of OPFRs.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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