Full
Outline
To understand the status of antibiotic contamination in drinking water in Ma′anshan city, Anhui province and assess the ecological and human health risks of antibiotics, thus providing a scientific basis for drinking water management and antibiotic contamination control.
In 2024, 36 drinking water samples were collected. Solid-phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to measure the concentrations of 13 antibiotics of 4 categories in source water, finished water, and tap water. Ecological and health risks were assessed for the detected antibiotics.
A total of 7 antibiotics of 3 categories were detected, with the detection rates ranging from 0.00% to 75.00% and concentrations ranging from ND (not detected) to 43.70 ng/L. The antibiotic with the highest concentration was enrofloxacin (43.70 ng/L). The water treatment process demonstrated good removal efficiency for antibiotics, with a removal rate of 89.97%. Specifically, sulfamethoxazole, sulfachloropyridazine, and clarithromycin were completely removed (100.00%). In source water, sulfachloropyridazine and clarithromycin showed no ecological risk to three aquatic organisms, while sulfamethoxazole and enrofloxacin showed no ecological risk to invertebrates and fish but exhibited low-level ecological risk to algae. Under the premise of using the most sensitive species, algae, as an indicator, the combined toxicity of antibiotics posed a moderate ecological risk. Among the detected antibiotics, clarithromycin had the highest health risk quotient (RQH), which, however, was less than 1×10−2, indicating negligible health risks to people of all age groups. The combined effect of antibiotics showed the RQsum < 1×10−2, presenting an increasing-decreasing-increasing trend.
Antibiotic contamination in the drinking water in Ma′anshan is primarily dominated by enrofloxacin. The combined effect of antibiotics poses a moderate ecological risk.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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