In order to guarantee the structural safety of masonry structures in existing buildings and prolong their lifespan，a SHM system and the mean value control charts were employed to investigate the condition evaluation and early alarming mechanism of these structures. The monitoring items for this structure were chosen to be the load-bearing wall cracks and the relative displacement of window sills. The data about structural reaction and ambient temperature was collected，and a correlation model between these two factors was built. Additionally，the correlation model was employed to replicate the temperature impact of the data collected from monitoring the structural response. Ultimately，the structural condition index was suggested and integrated with the mean value control chart to assess the early detection of potential issues in the structure. The structural condition index represented the disparity between the simulated outcomes of the correlation model and the real measured values. The findings demonstrate that the system has the capability to gather real-time monitoring data，accurately assess structural health，and promptly alert about structural damage. The monitoring data indicate that the crack width varies between 0.746 and 4.391 mm，while the sill relative displacement spans from 1.282 to 5.690 mm. Both of these variations are within the acceptable safety limit. From the findings of the mean value control chart in the early alarming system，the fracture width and relative displacement of the window sill are within normal parameters.

To address the limitations of large language models in safety engineering，such as the corpus size，input processing capabilities and privacy concerns，ChatSOS，a Q&A system based on large language models，was developed. Based on 117 explosion incident reports from 2013 to 2023，a vector database to enhance the system's capability was constructed. ChatSOS integrated prompt engineering and external knowledge base to retrieve and analyze relevant data from the database. Compared to ChatGPT，ChatSOS integrated the external knowledge base，so that the big language model could retrieve the relevant corpus from the database according to the user's input information and make in-depth analysis. The results show that ChatSOS excels in in-depth professional problem analysis，autonomous task allocation，and providing detailed summaries and recommendations based on incident reports. By combining with the external knowledge database，the limitations of the large language model's professional corpus in safety engineering are overcome，which prevents performance degradation associated with fine-tuning on new datasets，broadens the application of large language models in this field，and paves the way for future advancements in automation and intelligent systems.

In order to avoid the accident of CO poisoning in coal mines，according to the principle of adsorption catalysis，CuCl-CeO₂，a composite CO scavenger with both adsorption and catalytic properties，was prepared by thermal dispersion method using rare earth oxide CeO₂ as catalyst carrier and CuCl as adsorbent. The CO elimination performance of CuCl，CeO₂ and CuCl-CeO₂ was studied by cone calorimeter. At the same time，the peak pressure of gas explosion and the CO elimination effect of CuCl-CeO₂ were studied by a 20 L explosion ball-gas chromatography system. The results show that the CuCl-CeO₂ composite scavenger can effectively reduce the release rate of CO during the whole heating process，and its elimination performance is better than that of CuCl or CeO₂ alone. When the mass fraction of CuCl is 50 %，the CO elimination rate of CuCl-CeO₂ is the highest，reaching 88.0 %. With the increase of CuCl-CeO₂ mass concentration，the peak pressure of gas explosion gradually decreases，the time to reach the peak pressure of explosion is significantly delayed，and the amount of CO released is also decreasing. When the mass concentration of CuCl-CeO₂ is 1.00 g/L，the effect of explosion suppression and CO elimination is the best. The peak pressure of gas explosion is reduced from 0.508 MPa to 0.387 MPa，the time to reach the peak pressure of explosion is delayed from 237.6 ms to 483.2 ms，and the volume fraction of CO is reduced from 0.879 7% to 0.108 9%，which effectively reduces the peak pressure of gas explosion and CO release.

In order to explore the influence of road section characteristics on path redundancy and the redundancy ability of road traffic networks under emergencies，based on the traditional method of path redundancy quantity in road networks，considering the efficiency difference and overlap degree between effective paths，a redundancy evaluation model based on path diversity and redundancy ability under emergencies was constructed. The influence of different costs on path diversity and the influence of emergencies on redundancy ability were analyzed，and the sensitivity analysis of redundancy ability was carried out. The results show that the path diversity in the road traffic network depends on the type of travel path cost and the difference between the travel cost of the road section. The closer the travel cost of the road section is，the higher the number of effective paths is，and the higher the path diversity is. In the emergency scenario，the redundancy of the road network depends on the importance of the failed road section. The more important the failed road section is，the lower the network redundancy is. The increase of travel cost tolerance within a certain range helps to improve the redundancy capacity of the road network during emergencies. Too high or too low travel cost tolerance will not significantly improve the redundancy capacity of the network.

In order to understand the research status and development trends of evacuation lighting in disaster scenarios，based on Citespace and literature visualization tools，408 articles as samples up to July 2023 were selected from the core journal database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WOS)，and analyzed from the aspects of publication year，journal source，author organization，topic clustering and keywords. Results show that this topic has appeared a rapid upward trend in English literature in the past 10 years. Most of the researchers are from the United States and China. There has been no significant growth in Chinese literature during the same period. The research in China focuses on building fire evacuation，and some nighttime disaster-appropriate lighting. English focuses on a variety of disaster scenarios，which tends to extend from indoor evacuation lighting to outdoor evacuation lighting. The research method is mainly technical application and problem induction in Chinese，and experimental simulation and behavioral research in English. Its research method from real scene simulation to model calculation combined with virtual reality is worthy learning. It is necessary to strengthen research on evacuation lighting in various disaster types and multiple scenarios，and explore evacuation lighting methods suitable for disaster evacuation in outdoor environments in the future.

To establish a comprehensive evaluation system for urban waterlogging risk，three dimensions were selected: water accumulation risk，overload risk，and lateral inflow. This system aims to provide a reference for the optimal placement of storage tanks. Firstly，a mixed MCDM framework including the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP)，anti-entropy weight method (AEW)，and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was designed. Then，the IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS model was compared with IAHP-TOPSIS and AEW-TOPSIS model respectively，and the ranking consistency was verified by Spearman ranking correlation coefficient. The performance of IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS model was confirmed by calculating variation coefficient，relative range and sensitivity. Finally，a model based on MCDM-BPNN was established and verified by a waterlogging-prone area in Shanxi Province. The results show that water accumulation risk has the most significant influence in the evaluation system of urban waterlogging risk，with the weight of 0.46，followed by the overload risk with the weight of 0.36. The location of the node and the number of connecting pipes greatly affect the risk of waterlogging of the node，and waterlogging occurs more frequently at the junction of pipes or in larger confluence areas. There was better performance exhibited by the IAHP-AEW-TOPSIS model. In the 5-year and 10-year return periods，the accuracy of MCDM-BPNN model verification set is 93.3% and 100% respectively，which can accurately and rapidly simulate and predict urban floods. After the application case is set up，the number of high，medium and low risk nodes are 7，9，30 and 6，19，21 respectively，and the effect of reducing waterlogging overflow is remarkable.

Debris flow，as a common geological disaster，has a complex formation mechanism with numerous influencing factors and multiple uncertainties. To comprehensively consider the synergistic effects of various influencing factors，based on information fusion and uncertainty analysis theory，this paper proposed a debris flow susceptibility evaluation method based on evidence theory and cloud model. Firstly，the BPA function of key evaluation indicators for debris flow susceptibility was calculated using a connection cloud model. Subsequently，the reliability and uncertainty of the indicators' BPA were modified using Lance distance and DENG entropy，respectively，resulting in a corrected BPA. Finally，evidence fusion was performed on the corrected BPA based on Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory to achieve debris flow susceptibility assessment，followed by a case validation. The results show that the connection cloud model used in this paper overcomes the limitation that the normal cloud model requires indicators to follow the normal distribution when calculating BPA，and it considers the randomness and uncertainty of indicator distribution. The proposed method's evaluation results are generally consistent with those of four other commonly used evidence fusion methods，proving it to be effective and feasible for debris flow susceptibility evaluation. The conflict evidence fusion method improved based on Lance distance and DENG entropy can enhance the convergence speed and precision of evidence fusion，making the results more accurate and reliable.

To protect the occupational health and safety of ¹³¹I nuclear therapy workers and increase the utilization rate of ¹³¹I nuclear therapy，¹³¹I nuclear therapy workplaces in 10 hospitals in Shenzhen were selected in this study. The iodine box filter membrane sampling method，combined with a low background high-purity germanium γ energy spectrometer and passive efficiency calibration software，was used to measure the ¹³¹I activity concentration in critical areas of nuclear medicine workplaces. The accumulated effective dose of occupational personnel was estimated，and then the radiation safety risk of occupational personnel was evaluated. Furthermore，the effect of the correction factor change of ¹³¹I nuclide treatment operation on the radiation safety risk of occupational personnel was analyzed. The results showed that when the correction factor of ¹³¹I (liquid) nuclide treatment operation mode was set to 10，the radiation safety risk was far below the standard limit for manufacturer delivery and automatic packaging in nuclear medicine workplaces. It was recommended that the correction factor of the operation model of ¹³¹I (liquid) radionuclide therapy be distinguished by the packaging system，with manual packaging set to 1 and manufacturer delivery and automatic packaging set to 10.

In order to evaluate the development of muscle fatigue during drilling operations in the hand-over-head posture，a simulated drilling test was conducted to measure the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of muscles before the test，the maximum residual muscle strength (MRF) after the test，the degree of strength output attenuation (ΔF)，and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of wrists，elbows，and shoulders. MET was recorded. By setting different combinations of three operating surfaces (front，side，and bottom) and three operating heights as experimental variables，the effects of different operating methods on muscle fatigue during drilling operations under hand head posture were compared. Subsequently，the effects of three operating surfaces (front，side，and bottom) and three operating heights on MET，MRF，ΔF，as well as RPE of wrist，elbow，and shoulder were analyzed. Research has shown that using frontal manipulation and reducing arm lift height can effectively alleviate muscle fatigue. Different operating surfaces significantly affect MET，MRF，and ΔF，as well as RPE of the wrist，elbow，and shoulder. Different operating heights significantly affect MET，MRF，and RPE of the elbow. MET prediction model established in this article can reflect the muscle fatigue status of personnel during drilling operations in the hand-head posture.

In order to solve the problem of determining the distribution of different types of objects in system faults，a method to determine the distribution of objects was proposed. Firstly，the characteristics of the system fault evolution process and object distribution were discussed. Secondly，the method flow chart and implementation process were given. Finally，an example was analyzed. The example studied the basic data matrix composed of 6 factors and 50 objects，and the maximum training set cross-correlation was 0.8，the test set cross-correlation was 1，and the optimal object label distribution (object distribution) was obtained. Finally，the advantages and disadvantages of the method were described. The analysis shows that the database for studying the evolution process is the object set. Methods based on UKSR，combined with K-means and mutual information methods，a randomly distributed object label set is constructed，and the criteria for the optimal object label set are proposed. The optimal object label set is determined through a loop when the correlation between object labels and object data is the largest. The label value of objects in the set is the optimal object distribution. The method overcomes the problem of unsupervised learning and nonlinear mapping. It is concluded that the method can classify the measured objects in the system fault evolution process under unsupervised and nonlinear conditions，and the distribution of class labels of all objects with evolution time. The disadvantage is that it can only be used to study the system fault evolution process represented by two-dimensional.