Full
Outline
Toxic Chinese medicines constitute a significant component of the traditional Chinese medicine system. Taking aristolochic acid-containing herbs as an example, their clinical application and industrial development face severe challenges due to safety incidents caused by aristolochic acid-containing components. The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China has deleted relevant varieties based on drug safety considerations, which, while mitigating medication risks, also results in the waste of medicinal resources. Existing methods such as processing and combination therapy also have limitations in reducing the toxicity of these herbs, including limited efficacy and difficulties in standardizing processes, making it challenging to balance toxicity control with the preservation of pharmacological effects. Based on this, this paper systematically reviews the deletion of herbal materials and proprietary Chinese medicine formulations from the last five editions of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, summarizing the medicinal value and controversies surrounding herbs derived from the Aristolochia genus, the toxic mechanisms of aristolochic acid, and existing detoxification methods along with their limitations. Addressing these limitations, this paper proposes application strategies for gene editing, enzyme engineering, and fermentation engineering in reducing the toxicity of Aristolochia and other Chinese medicinal herbs, from the perspective of modern biotechnology, and explores new pathways for the precise regulation of the synthesis and degradation of toxic components. Compared with traditional detoxification methods, the use of modern biotechnology holds promise for precisely regulating the synthesis or degradation of toxic components, thereby reducing toxicity while preserving the overall therapeutic efficacy of the herbal materials, with the aim of achieving "detoxification while preserving efficacy". Future efforts should be intensified to verify the botanical sources of toxic Chinese herbal medicines, elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of toxic components, and investigate their toxic mechanisms. Additionally, the development and utilization of toxic Chinese herbal resources should be advanced to promote the high-quality development of traditional Chinese medicine through inheritance, innovation, modernization, and internationalization.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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