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Outline
Metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, have become major global public health challenges. Their pathogenesis is closely linked to dysregulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the central role of immunoinflammation underlying metabolic diseases, with emphasis on the interactive mechanisms between the immune system and metabolic system. It is broadly appreciated that metabolic disturbances trigger chronic low-grade inflammation, which exacerbates insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction, and multi-organ damage through the involvement of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Among these, metabolic reprogramming of macrophages, the dual role of neutrophil extracellular traps in vascular injury and fibrosis, and the regulatory functions of Tregs represent critical nodes in diseases progression. From this metaflammation perspective, intervention strategies are proposed at multiple levels: Lifestyle modifications serve as a foundation to effectively improve immune-inflammatory status; exploring the immunomodulatory potential of existing drugs for repurposing in metabolic disease treatment, such as lansoprazole; and emerging therapies, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and 11β-HSD1 inhibitors also demonstrate strong effect on alleviating inflammatory responses. Collectively, these important advances not only deepen our understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying metabolic diseases, but also lay a theoretical foundation for developing novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases, highlighting promising potential in extending healthspan.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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