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Outline
Nanocarriers, have been extensively explored as a novel drug delivery system, demonstrating significant advantages in improving drug solubility, stability, and targeting capability, and have thus become a research focus in the field. However, their clinical application is substantially limited by a poor capacity to traverse cellular membranes and overcome complex physiological barriers. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), characterized by high membrane penetration efficiency, low toxicity, and favorable biocompatibility, can effectively facilitate the translocation of nanocarriers across biological membrane barriers via direct penetration or endocytosis, thereby significantly enhancing drug delivery efficiency. Concurrently, homing peptides (HPs) enable precise accumulation of nanocarriers at pathological sites by recognizing tissue-specific receptors, while reducing non-specific penetration into healthy tissues. As two crucial classes of functional peptides, CPPs and HPs have been widely utilized to modify nanocarriers, enhancing their capacity to overcome physiological barriers and improving targeted accumulation at diseased sites through distinct mechanisms. This review summarizes the classification and transport mechanisms of CPPs and HPs, as well as advances in their application for modifying nanocarriers to overcome physiological barriers, aiming to provide a reference for future research and applications in this field.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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