Full
Outline
QS-21 is an immunologically active saponin-based immunostimulant extracted from the bark of the South American soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria, QS). It consists of four structural domains: Quillaic acid, a trisaccharide side chain, a tetrasaccharide chain, and a pseudodimeric acyl chain. It exists in two isomeric forms, QS-21-Api and QS-21-Xyl, among which the C-4 aldehyde group and the acyl side chain are the key moieties for adjuvant activity. In terms of its immunological mechanism, QS-21 can simultaneously activate Th1/Th2-type immune responses, enhance the cross-presentation of antigens by dendritic cells, and activate the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway in T cells as well as the NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3) inflammasome. It exhibits particularly prominent performance in inducing cellular immunity. This article summarizes the currently developed composite adjuvant systems such as AS01, AS02, Matrix-M, AS15, and GLA-LSQ, along with their applications in vaccines including the malaria vaccine Mosquirix and the shingles vaccine Shingrix. Regarding issues such as supply shortages associated with natural extraction, technologies for chemical total synthesis, semi-synthesis, and yeast-based biosynthesis are making gradual breakthroughs, Strategies including some derivatives (such as VSA-1 and TQL1055) also provide references for the development of new vaccines and the prevention and control of infectious diseases as well as immunotherapy.
339
120
| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
关闭全屏
No. 86 Xueyuan South Road, Haidian District, Beijing
010-62662699(Operation and Technical Support)
qkjq@cast.org.cn
Copyright © 2025 China Association for Science and Technology. All rights reserved. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.
Sponsored by the Office of the Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization of CAST, and supported by Science and Technology Review Publishing House
