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It is well established that baicalin induces the polarization of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype via glycolytic pathways; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the key upstream targets and regulated transcription factors involved in baicalin's regulation of glycolytic metabolism. Using the RAW264.7 cell model, RNA-seq and ATAC-seq technologies were employed, combined with Western blot, qRT-PCR, siRNA, and dual-luciferase reporter assays for detection and validation. The results showed that baicalin, at concentration of 100 μmol·L-1, promoted RAW264.7 cell M1 polarization accompanied by high expression of Trem1; co-treatment with the Trem1 inhibitor LP17 reversed baicalin-mediated RAW264.7 cell polarization and the activation of downstream glycolytic signaling pathways. Among the transcription factors associated with the Trem1 promoter region, Fos was shown to be involved in the regulation of RAW264.7 cell polarization by baicalin. This study reveals that baicalin promotes downstream glycolytic metabolism by regulating the transcription factor Fos to activate Trem1, thereby driving macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype, providing a new metabolic mechanism to support its therapeutic potential in tumor immunoregulation and inflammation-related diseases.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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