Cancer is a highly heterogeneous malignant disease. Currently, precision medicine in oncology urgently requires experimental models that can faithfully simulate the individual tumor characteristics of patients. Traditional two-dimensional cell lines and animal models exhibit significant limitations in preserving tumor heterogeneity, microenvironment, and predicting treatment responses. Organoid technology, with its three-dimensional structure and high fidelity in recapitulating the histopathological and molecular features of primary tumors, has emerged as a transformative tool in cancer research. This review systematically outlines the development of organoid technology, highlighting the methodologies and applications for modeling various solid tumors, including lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, renal carcinoma, and colorectal cancer. It encompasses multiple aspects such as investigations into tumorigenesis mechanisms, drug screening, personalized therapy, and immunotherapy assessment. Furthermore, the current challenges and future directions of organoid technology are discussed, with the aim of promoting its broader application in cancer research and clinical translation.